Explain Each of the Terms Essay

Clarify Each of the Terms: Speech, Language, Communication and Speech Language and Communication Needs. Clarify every one of the terms discourse, language, correspondence, discourse, language and correspondence needs. EYMP5 (1. 1) The word reference clarification of discourse is â€Å"The articulation of or the capacity to communicate musings and emotions by articulate sounds† or â€Å"A person’s style of speaking† To talk is to truly have the option to create the individual sounds and sound examples of our language, or understandable, to have the option to deliver discourse with suitable mood, and free of faltering conduct, and to deliver discourse with a proper vocal quality for age and sex. While discourse includes the physical engine capacity to talk, language is an emblematic, rule represented framework used to pass on a message. In English, the images can be words, either spoken or composed. We likewise have gestural images, such as shrugging our shoulders to demonstrate â€Å"I don’t know† or waving to show â€Å"Bye Bye† or the raising of our eye foreheads to show that we are shocked by something. Language can be characterized as being comprised of socially shared guidelines that incorporate the accompanying: †¢What words mean (e. g. , â€Å"star† can allude to a brilliant article in the night sky or a VIP) †¢How to make new words (e. g. , companion, well disposed, hostile) †¢How to assemble words (e. g. , â€Å"Peg strolled to the new store† as opposed to â€Å"Peg walk store new†) What word blends are best in what circumstances (â€Å"Would you mind moving your foot? could rapidly change to â€Å"Get off my foot, if you don't mind † if the main solicitation didn't create results) You can have language without having discourse. Despite the fact that discourse and language are connected, you don't must have discourse to have a language. How? The best case of this is the utilization of Sign Language. Correspondence is the way toward passing on a message or significance to build up a mutual comprehension to other people. You don’t need discourse or a mutual language to convey. How? Let’s state you settle out traveling to Rome, yet you don’t express single word of Italian. You get off your plane, and you need to get your†¦ [continues]

Operating System Security Essay

Working System Security Security is the most significant piece of a working framework with regards to protecting the framework and its data. There are different angles to the security piece in a working framework; which are conventions, portion and encryption. The UNIX/LINIX, Apple and Windows Server 2008 all have convention, bit and encryption highlights. These highlights should be empowered to the most elevated level so as to have the most security for every one of these working frameworks. Despite the fact that a portion of these highlights are now empowered to some level as a matter of course, the security level despite everything can be raised for more assurance. Beginning with the UNIX/LINUX versus Apple working frameworks, the most made sure about adaptations of these working frameworks will be utilized to exhibit which is more made sure about. There are two parts of these working frameworks, work area and server, anyway we will remain with the work area adaptations of these working frameworks. This will permit an increasingly forward methodology, with the goal that it will be progressively reasonable for the end client. The LINUX Red Hat Enterprise release offers the most security of any of different versions of UNIX/LINUX work area forms. The conventions of this working framework offer some degree of security yet there are no new affirmed safety efforts incorporated with the security stack. This permits programmers/assailant to have the option to obtain entrance simpler than more up to date safety efforts. One of the most up to date proportions of security in LINUX is SELinux this remembers improvements to the portion for the LINUX working framework. It gives a safety efforts that empowers get to control security approaches. This degree of security additionally incorporates MAC (obligatory access controls) which is an adm inistration style level of safety effort. This part security measure is the most elevated level of security this working framework brings to the table. When investigating the Apple working framework, OS X offers the most insurance of any form of Apple working framework. One of the primary security includes in the Apple OS (working framework) is XProtect, this component is utilized to include the most elevated level of security to programs. Be that as it may, the more seasoned renditions of Safari and Mail will not, at this point have the option to run once this security update is applied to the OS. Furthermore, this makes this OS have less usefulness than it would ordinarily in a program perspective. The OS X variant 1.6 code name snow panther is the Apple OS security that we will examine. The most elevated level of security that this Apple OS brings to the table is the covered up malware insurance that it gives. This Apple OS has a worked in framework that recognizes malignant programming and endeavors to shield the framework from the client to forestall him/her from harming their system(s). Nonetheless, since the malware are isolated and not erased/expelled, it represents another security issue. Sadly, Apple has been moderate with regards to security dangers thus we should check whether there will be any extra safety efforts later on. The Windows Server 2008 is the most made sure about Windows working framework accessible and furthermore has the most security highlights accessible than some other OS created by Microsoft. The Windows Server 2008 has an improved firewall and propelled security highlights. Approaching and active channels can be redone and arranged to the level and adaptability required by the client. Rest (arrange get to insurance is a propelled security highlight of Windows Server 2008. This element helps shield unbound PCs from getting to the system of a business and furthermore a solitary PC or locally established system too. This OS allows outer access from remote PCs by alleviating conceivable security breaks. The NAP security include is an upgrade of the NPS (arrange strategy server) highlight from Windows Server 2003. Thus it is a demonstrated security include with demonstrated outcomes and is the most elevated propelled security highlight accessible in Windows Server 2008.

5 Science Fiction and Fantasy Magazines You Should Be Reading

5 Science Fiction and Fantasy Magazines You Should Be Reading Amazing Stories cover, 1972 For almost as long as they have existed, science fiction and fantasy  have provided  much more than sweeping novels and grandiose story arcs (as wonderful as those are). Short stories, art, poetry, and more from these genres are plentiful and remarkable, if you know where to look. For years, science fiction and fantasy magazines have provided readers with a wealth of work that falls outside the novel format.  The old  science fiction and fantasy magazines whose over-the-top covers and bizarre ads we often chuckle at  were  some of  the first to publish names like Heinlein, Asminov, and Butler. Today,  some of the best new writers are being published in science fiction and fantasy magazines, which  take chances on women, authors of color, and genre  innovators who have more trouble breaking into large-scale publishing.  The best part about this content, though, might just be how easy it is to access. Try these five science fiction and fantasy magazines to take your reading to the next level. On Spec Quarterly, $14.99 Started by the oldest Sci-fi and Fantasy writers group in Canada, On Spec has been publishing new and exciting Canadian talent  for years, including the artists who create their covers. The subscription price is a steal, and while free is always great,  this money helps them pay well for the content they use.  Digital and physical subscriptions are both available. Shimmer cover, 2017 Shimmer  Bi-Monthly, Free (+)   Shimmer is a physical and digital magazine  focused on fantasy (though they do publish some exceptional sci-fi).  Shimmer  is impressive in its focused approach, pursuing a roster of creators who come from all walks of life and produce works that are as unusual as they are excellent. Most  creative pieces they publish are available free online and a subscription gets you access to thoughtful  interviews and editorials. (BONUS: Profits from their shop are currently being donated to the Southern Poverty Law Center.) Try It: Fallow  by Ashley Blooms Strange Horizons Weekly, Free Strange Horizons is a weekly online publication thats been around for quite awhile, and has plenty of awards under its belt. They publish everything from  short stories and poetry to essays and reviews, as long as it falls under speculative fiction. As a non-profit funded entirely through donations and grants,  Strange Horizons provides their entire archive at no cost. Most content is also available in audio format via their podcasts. Try It:  The Last Refuge by  Eduardo Goligorsky (Also available in its original Spanish.) Samovar Quarterly, Free Samovar is a new quarterly project  produced as part of  Strange Horizons to showcase translated science fiction and fantasy writing. Only the first issue is out  so far, but it  has set the bar high for the future. The inaugural issue has stories originally published in Finnish, Pashto, Chinese, and Hebrew. All content is available in its original language, too, which is just freaking cool. Try It: Wither and Blossom by Suvi Kauppila Uncanny cover, 2016 Uncanny Bi-Monthly, Free (+)  Uncanny is a leader in the field of science fiction and fantasy magazines, with an ever growing list of awards to boast of. Of special note is their non-fiction, which is just as moving and beautiful as any fiction or poetry. This subscription is the priciest on the list at $23.88, but they pay their creators well and offer the entirety of the magazine for free online a few weeks after subscribers get it. This is definitely a magazine to watch if you want to get a jump on  the next big names in science fiction and fantasy. Try It:  City of Villains: Why I Don’t Trust Batman  by Sarah Gailey Save Save

Did Mrs. OLearys Cow Start the Great Chicago Fire

Popular legend has long held that a cow being milked by Mrs. Catherine OLeary kicked over a kerosene lantern, igniting a barn fire  that spread into the  Great Chicago Fire. The famous story of Mrs. OLearys cow appeared soon after colossal fire that consumed much of Chicago.  And the story has spread ever since. But was the cow really the culprit? No. The real blame for the enormous  fire which began on October 8, 1871, lies with a combination of  perilous conditions: a long drought over  a very hot summer, loosely enforced fire codes, and a sprawling city built almost entirely of wood. Yet Mrs. OLeary and her cow took the blame in the public mind. And  the legend about them being the cause of the fire endures to the present day. The OLeary Family The OLeary family, immigrants from Ireland, lived at 137 De Koven Street in Chicago. Mrs. OLeary had a small dairy business, and she routinely milked cows in a barn behind the familys cottage. A fire did begin in OLearys barn at about 9:00 pm on Sunday, October 8, 1871. Catherine OLeary and her husband Patrick, a Civil War veteran, later swore that they had already retired for the night and were in bed when they heard neighbors calling out about the fire in the barn. By some accounts, a rumor about a cow kicking over a lantern began spreading almost as soon as the first fire company responded to the blaze. Another rumor in the neighborhood was that a boarder in the OLeary house, Dennis Peg Leg Sullivan, had slipped into the barn to have a few drinks with some of his friends. During their revelry they started a fire in the barns hay by smoking pipes. It is also possible the fire ignited from an ember which blew from a nearby chimney. Many fires did start that was in the 1800s, though they didnt have the conditions to spread as quickly and widely as the fire that night in Chicago. No one will ever know what really happened that night in the OLeary barn. What isnt disputed is that the blaze spread. And, assisted by strong winds, the barn fire turned into the Great Chicago Fire. Within a few days a newspaper reporter, Michael Ahern, wrote an article which put the neighborhood rumor about Mrs. OLearys cow kicking over a kerosene lantern into print. The story took hold, and was circulated widely. The Official Report An official commission investigating the fire heard testimony about Mrs. OLeary and her cow in November 1871. An article in the New York Times on November 29, 1871, was headlined Mrs. OLearys Cow.   The article described the testimony given by Catherine OLeary before the Chicago Board of Police and Fire Commissioners. In her account, she and her husband had been asleep when two men came to their house to alert them that  their barn was on fire. Mrs. OLearys husband, Patrick, was also questioned. He testified that he did not know how the fire started as he had also been asleep until he heard the neighbors. The commission concluded in its official report that Mrs. OLeary had not been in the barn when the fire began. The report did not state a precise cause of the fire, but mentioned that a spark blown from a chimney of a nearby house on that windy night could have started the fire in the barn. The OLearys After the Fire Despite being cleared in the official report, the OLeary family became notorious. In a quirk of fate, their house has actually survived the fire, as the flames spread outward away from property. Yet, facing the stigma of the constant rumors, which had spread nationwide,  they eventually moved from De Koven Street. Mrs. OLeary lived out the rest of her life as a virtual recluse, only leaving her residence to attend daily mass. When she died in 1895 she was described as heartbroken that she was always blamed for causing so much destruction. Years after Mrs. OLearys death, Michael Ahern, the newspaper reporter who had first published the rumor, admitted that he and other reporters had made up the story. They believed it would hype the story, as if a fire that destroyed a major American city needed any extra sensationalism. When Ahern died in 1927, a small item from the Associated Press datelined Chicago offered his corrected account: Michael Ahern, last surviving reporter of the famous Chicago fire of 1871, and who denied the authenticity of the story of Mrs. OLearys famous cow which was credited with kicking over a lamp in a barn and starting the fire, died here tonight.In 1921, Ahern, in writing an anniversary story of the fire said that he and two other reporters, John English and Jim Haynie, concocted the explanation of the cow starting the fire, and admitted that he afterward learned that spontaneous combustion of hay in the OLeary barn probably was the cause. At the time of the fire Ahern was a police reporter for The Chicago Republican. The Legend Lived On And while the story of Mrs. OLeary and her cow isnt true, the legendary tale lived on. Lithographs of the scene were produced in the late 1800s. The legend of the cow and the lantern were the basis for popular songs over the years, and the story was even told in a major Hollywood movie produced in 1937, In Old Chicago. The MGM film, which was produced by Daryl F. Zanuck, provided a completely fictitious account of the OLeary family  and portrayed the story of the cow kicking over the lantern as the truth. And while In Old Chicago may have been completely wrong on the facts, the movies popularity and the fact that it was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Picture helped perpetuate the legend of Mrs. OLearys cow. The Great Chicago Fire is remembered as one of the major disasters of the 19th century, along with the eruption of Krakatoa  or the Johnstown Flood. And its also remembered, of course, as it seemed to have a distinctive character, Mrs. OLearys cow, at the center of it.

Explain the Physiology the Cardiovascular and the...

Explain the physiology the cardiovascular and the digestive system in the body in relation to energy metabolism in the body. Discuss the role of energy in the body and analyse how those two body systems interrelate to perform a named functions. For distinction analyse Energy it is the ability to do work. Energy cannot be destroyed but it can be changed to another form. Without energy we would not be able to growth or move. To stay alive we need regular and permanent supply of energy or else we would die. Without energy our body would not be able to carry out processes such as: * Growth and reconstructions of new cells and tissues as energy is necessary to supply biochemical reaction that then is building larger organic molecules†¦show more content†¦Break food into tiny parts, so that the useful elements of food could be absorbed into out bloodstream and sent through our body. 2. Get rid of useful parts of the food that our body can’t use. Digestion starts in mouth and it is going through several steps. Teeth which are a Mechanical digestion start tearing and crushing the food down into small pieces so that the food will smoothly run down our throat. The salivary glands are located underneath the back of our tongues and that’s what is creating our saliva. The saliva is the Chemical Digestion is helping soften the food in the mouth so it is easy to swallow. Also saliva is the first out of several chemicals that is breaking the food into smaller bits. The tongue is the muscle that works with the food and saliva to form something similar to balls that can be swallowed. Also tongue contains taste buds so that we know if the food is salt, sweet, sour or bitter. Esophangus is a simple transportation tube that is joining the throat with stomach. When swallowing we are closing a trap door in our throats called the epiglottis. By closing this trap we are preventing the food prom going to trachea and into our lungs. Also Food moves down the esophangus using muscles not gravity. Stomach is the first stop after the Esophangus. When the food gets into stomach the stomach uses chemicals to try to make the food smaller. These chemicals are called gastric juices and they include hydrochloric acid and enzymes. (Enzymes areShow MoreRelatedAssignment Brief to Break Down Unit 5 Health and Social Care Level 11545 Words   |  7 PagesTitle: Extended Diploma Level 3 in Health and Social Care Unit : 5 Assignment Title: Anatomy Physiology Scenario/Vocational Context: This unit introduces core knowledge of cellular structure and function, and the organisation of the body as a whole, and then builds on this to develop a more detailed knowledge of the fine anatomy and physiology of the systems involved in energy metabolism. Functional Skills Development: This assignment will give you the opportunity to develop skills

The Haunted Resort (English Creative Writing Coursework) Free Essays

It was one o’clock when I finally arrived at the Marigold’s Mansion Resort. I am so excited to be here, to get away from home and the office for a few days, even though I so am spooked out to be staying in this haunted hotel. But, like Susie advised, I can’t keep writing websites about haunted hotels without actually staying in one and experiencing ghosts. We will write a custom essay sample on The Haunted Resort (English Creative Writing Coursework) or any similar topic only for you Order Now So, this is it. My first haunted hotel. I was horrified at the sight of the man at the desk. His bushy eyebrows and grey, shaggy hair made him look as if he might be a werewolf. He told me that the hotel was originally the home of John and Mary Marigold, but it had to be rebuilt after it was burned down. Apparently, Mary decided to leave John and locked him out of the home and, furious, set fire to the house. I guess he thought burning the house down would force her to come out and see him, but she got stuck inside or something and couldn’t save herself. He had to rush in to try and save her and they both died a â€Å"flaming agonizing death†, as the check-in guy said. The hotel was rebuilt to look like the original, with a steep roof and fancy architecture. The room is old-fashioned. Most of the furniture is wooden, like the doors, windows and even the toilet seat. It makes me feel at home, with blankets and pillows scattered around the room. Some old family photographs have even been left out on the desk, including a man with dark, sad-looking eyes and a weird fringe, hugging a laughing blonde, young girl. I quickly turned them over. It almost felt as if they were staring at me. Anyway, have to go to bed now. Hope I can find more evidence for the existence of ghosts tonight so I can finish writing the website and want to get up early to tour the hotel tomorrow morning at 8am. Report # 105 Date: 15th November 2008 Location: Marigold Mansions Resort Arrived at the resort at 1900 hours. The man at the desk looks like an actor from a bad horror movie and would not be surprised if he puts on a white sheet and runs around trying to scare guests at night. He gave me the background story – wife wants to leave husband, husband gets jealous and burns down house, and dies in romantic attempt to save wife. How scary. Looks like they have rebuilt the house, to look like the original one before it burnt down. It’s Mock Tudor with steep pitched roofs and mullioned windows, looks quite pretty. This feels like all the other ‘haunted’ hotels I have investigated – isolated, in the middle of nowhere, always ready to scare people. The room looks as if someone knitted it, with blankets and pillows everywhere. A pile of photographs on the desk – a bunch of smiling people. I guess it was designed to scare us, and give us the feeling that someone is watching us, but why chose cheery people, grinning to the camera? They look way more joyful than my own family. Pictures of a blonde, laughing woman, being hugged by another man who looks so gloomy seem way too happy to be in this gloomy, ‘haunted’ room. Diary – 16th November, 2008 Last night was the night I had prepared myself for! Heard continuous knocking, but was too petrified to get up and open the door. The knocking grew louder but I just tried to ignore it. Pulled the covers over my head and that was when I heard a creak. I saw the door open and close. Questions formed in my mind. â€Å"Was the knocking the knocking of the man? Is he in the room?† Wonder if it was a fight between the ghost couple – the man trying to get in and the wife forcing him back out. Should add this to the website. The hotel is immense, with photos everywhere, nailed to the walls and doors. Got the creeps when looking at them. There are a lot of rooms in the resort, and all, except one, have wooden doors. According to the tour guide, the room with a steel door used to be the couple’s bedroom, the only room not destroyed completely in the fire. After the disaster, no one has slept in the bed ever since. So, went in to explore, and since it was daylight, couldn’t sense any ghosts lurking around. The bedroom is twice as big and neat as my own room back home and the walls inside are painted white, the bed looks very comfy and a cover white in colour with small pink roses sewn on was lying on top of the bed. It didn’t seem as if John and Mary had slept in this room before. Report # 106 Date: 16th November 2008 Location: Marigold Mansions Resort Something that sounded like knocking could be heard last night. Was typing up the report when situation occurred. Immediately went to check whether the check-in guy was tapping on the door. I looked for hidden knockers or any gadgets that might be placed to produce the sound of a knock on a door. Found out later that it was the heating system with air trapped in it that was making the noise. Doors seemed to be opening and closing as well. It could be either the open window that caused the door to slam shut or the wood expanding and contracting repeatedly, not quite sure which. Old buildings often creak, and only superstitious people find it haunted. If I was meant to be scared because there was a ‘ghost’, I was never afraid. Went out for a walk this morning, and enjoyed the bright sunshine. Breakfast was scrambled eggs with toast and there was cereal as well. Drank orange juice that tasted more like water. Next to the dining room was a door made of steel. Seems to be the only door that is not wooden. Opened it and saw a king-sized bed with two pillows and a duvet that looked as soft as silk. In the corner of the room was a wardrobe as tall as me. Could not open it. On the left side of the bed, there was another room. This door was made of a different type of wood – walnut wood, I’m assuming – than the other doors, which are made of old cherry wood. I opened the door and inside was a bathroom. It was like a proper hotel. It had a proper toilet made of shiny, white plastic and a shower, with a gold handle. The tap was gold too, and as I admired its beauty, I saw the word ‘Marigold’ carved in the gold. Rich people†¦ Diary – 20th November, 2008 Yesterday night was one of the most horrifying nights I have ever experienced in my entire life! When I was in the shower, I saw a tall shadow outside, pacing backwards and forwards. It made me jump, my heart nearly leapt out of my body. I was so shocked I could feel myself shivering, and hid myself behind the curtains in the shower. Then, just when I was about to fall asleep last night, I heard voices. These voices sounded like someone was crying, not out of agony, but out of grief. The sound made every single piece of hair on my body stand upright, and for a few seconds I could not move or even breathe. I hid myself under the covers, panicking. Many pictures popped into my mind, ones of a man feeling guilty, trying his best to save someone. The voices never died down until the sun came out. Went out for a walk this morning, trying to forget last night’s shock. When I reached the garden behind the resort, I saw a statue of a man. It felt as if he was staring at me, watching all of my moves. I dashed away immediately from the artificial man, kicking the scary feeling out of my mind. I walked towards the pond in front of the resort and saw some pretty ducklings as well as many fish swimming freely. Looking at these happy animals, the hotel did not seem as scary to me, in the day. Report #107 Date: 20th November 2008 Location: Marigold Mansions Resort Found it hard to sleep well last night. Saw shadows strolling outside. When I opened the door in curiosity, wanting to see who it was, no one was there. I looked left and right only to see that the shadow there a few seconds ago, had vanished. Looked for gadgets that make people hallucinate, to achieve the ‘haunted’ effect. Thought over the scene in my mind – no one can run away as fast as that. Perhaps it was the shadow of a vehicle passing? Soon after, the wind began to blow really hard. I got up to shut the windows but the wind just blew harder, banging on the glass used to make the windows. Woke up at 1000 hours today. Noise finally died down at around 0535 hours. Lunch was spaghetti bolognaise which tasted quite diluted. There was a lot of spaghetti but a very small amount of sauce on top. After lunch, went upstairs for a look. Nothing interesting upstairs, just 13 identical guest rooms. Went outside for some fresh air and saw fish and ducks in a pond nearby – looks joyful, outside a ‘haunted’ resort. Diary – 21st November, 2008 When I first arrived, I hoped to see a ghost. What a foolish thing to wish for! My dream turned into a nightmare last night. At midnight, suddenly a bright light from the old lamp on the desk began shining into my eyes. Seeing such an ancient lamp turn on unexpectedly, I screamed the loudest scream ever. I was so afraid. The sudden flame produced shadows across the room and for a second I saw a face, the face from the photographs. Was the ghost angry again, and trying to set something on fire? Then, I heard a heart pounding. It could’ve been mine, but it seemed quite far away, yet gradually getting louder. The lamp light grew brighter and a tall man with dark eyes was suddenly in front of me, holding a bright lamp. He dropped the lamp and a fire spread across the floor. The man moaned. He had a special fringe that I recognized from then photos on the desk. The fire began to burn the walls and I must have passed out because the next thing I remember that happened was waking up to a sunny morning, in a clean room. Report #108 Date: 21st November 2008 Location: Marigold Mansions Resort Am extremely puzzled. I need to get out of here. Went to bed at 2330 hours because I felt exhausted. At exactly 0000, a bright orange coloured light suddenly shone into my eyes. I opened my eyes, thinking it was the sun coming out, but the light seemed to be coming from an antique lamp. I checked before and there was no battery or electric cable supplying the lamp with electricity. Had to be honest I was frightened and could not understand what was making the lamp brighten? I was confused. This time, I had no answer to this situation. A moment later, I heard a loud and deafening scream. I know the noise could not be a gadget in this room because the sound seemed far away. Suddenly, the lamp fell on the floor and it seemed as if a fire was spreading. In the sudden bright light, I thought I saw a woman appear in front of the desk. She had blonde, wavy hair and was wearing a dress. I recognized her from the picture on the desk. Why was I imagining such things when I know ghosts do not even exist? Was I drugged? The more I think about it, the more confused I get. The woman in the picture must have sneaked into my room and set the trick up. But how? Something must be happening to me. Why can’t I find a good explanation for this? Need to leave now and see a doctor before my condition gets worse. How to cite The Haunted Resort (English Creative Writing Coursework), Papers

The Plot Of Star Wars Episode Ii free essay sample

: Essay, Research Paper Rather than compose it all myself, Josh Griffin of TheForce.net has given me permission to utilize one of TFn # 8217 ; s updates ( this 1 ) called # 8220 ; The Story So Far. # 8221 ; Everything written in Grey is from TFn, and everything in purple is stuff I # 8217 ; ve added. I have besides added links to the official site # 8217 ; s # 8220 ; choice images # 8221 ; so you can see how they fit in with the narrative. As Episode II begins, we learn that Amidala has left the throne on Naboo and has been replaced by the freshly elected Queen Jamillia ( Choice 9: Queen Jamillia ) . Now traveling by the name Padme Naberrie, she represents Naboo in the Galactic Senate. We besides learn of a trade between Count Dooku and Jango Fett. In exchange for the right to clone an ground forces out of Jango, Dooku gives Jango # 8230 ; a present. At one point, Senator Padme intercedes in a difference between the Geonosians, the Kaminoans, the Commerce Guild, and the Intergalactic Bank Clan. We will write a custom essay sample on The Plot Of Star Wars Episode Ii or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page She uncovers some corruptness ( created by Darth Sidious ) and possible programs by the Neimodians to re-arm themselves. She voices this concern in the Senate. After going a blabber-mouth and talking out against corruptness, there is a failed blackwash effort by Zam Wesell in the Senate. Zam, I believe, has been hired by Senator Orn Free Taa ( Choice 3: Orn Free Taa ) . Padm? doesn # 8217 ; t think her personal escort Captain Typho is adequate, so she turns to the Jedi for aid. Yoda and Mace Windu assign Anakin and Obi-Wan to protect her because they have done so in the past.Obi-Wan, Anakin, Padm? , and her two servants # 8211 ; Cord? ( Veronica Segura ) and another ( Rose Byrne ) # 8211 ; subsequently go to a dark nine called # 8220 ; Dex # 8217 ; s Diner. # 8221 ; ( Choice 6: Dex # 8217 ; s Diner ) There is a scene in the nine in which Elian Sleazebagno ( Matt Doran ) does some # 8220 ; problem doing # 8221 ; ( non certainly what # 8211 ; possibly he hits on Padm? , who knows. ) During this scene Zam Wesell attempts to hit Padm? ( Choice 14: Zam Wesell ) but ends up killing Cord? . Obi-Wan and Anakin pursuit Zam ( Choice 1: Running Anakin ) through the streets of Coruscant and catch up with her. They attempt to interrogate the premium huntsman to happen out who she # 8217 ; s working for, but she is killed by a Kyber Dart shooting from Jango Fett who was concealing in the shadows. At this point, the Jedi Council assigns Anakin Skywalker to attach to Padme back to Naboo where she # 8217 ; ll be safe. He takes her back to the planet and meets her parents, Jobal Naberrie and Ruwee Naberrie, every bit good as her sisters. Jar Jar and the other Gungans come along and besides vow to protect Padme. Although it may look excessively early in the movie, Annie and Padm? are in *love* . Anakin and Padm? acquire married on Naboo at a little small nuptials near a lake. After the nuptials, they go on a private boat sail up a river. I believe this is the point i n the saga in which Luke and Leia are conceived # 8211 ; in other words, Anakin and Padm? do the nasty in the boat. Meanwhile, Obi-Wan goes on a pursuit with Plo Koon to happen out more about who is behind the blackwash effort and the corruptness in the Senate. He travels to a planet run by Count Dooku and discovers programs for a ringer ground forces to be created. He besides tracks down Jango Fett and his immature boy Boba Fett. Turns out that Jango is being used as a templet to do the ringers. Obi-Wan shortly finds himself in an all-too-familiar scene in which Plo Koon is contending Jango Fett and Obi-Wan is unable to help. Plo Koon is killed by Jango. Jango tries to fly and Obi-Wan pursuits after him. Just before Jango can acquire into his ship and take off, Obi-Wan gimmicks up with him on the landing platform. Young Boba Fett, who has been waiting for his # 8220 ; father # 8221 ; ( Choice 17: Boba in Slave I ) , runs into Slave I while Obi-Wan and Jango get in a battle ousid e the ship in the pouring rain ( Choice 10: Singing in the Rain *A Joke* ) . The conflict ends in a deadlock and Jango gets off, but non before Obi-Wan takes a searcher cod out of his belt and hurtle it towards the ship. He watches the ship wing off, so he contacts the Jedi Council to alarm them of what # 8217 ; s traveling on.After hearing the intelligence that Count Dooku # 8211 ; a former Jedi Master # 8211 ; has turned to the Dark Side, two characters # 8211 ; I think Mace Windu and Yoda # 8211 ; walk through a portion of the Jedi Temple in which there are relics of celebrated Jedi in the history of the order. They are discoursing Count Dooku as they walk down a dark corridor. They come to a subdivision of the hall, which is imposingly big, and has a figurine of Dooku and words inscribed at the underside that praise him as a legendary Jedi Master. They begin to fear that their old beliefs of the adult male were false and that he poses a major menace to them as a member of t he Dark Side.Back on Naboo, Anakin has a vision of the hereafter and sees h is mother in great danger. At the same clip, a 2nd ( 3rd? ) assasination effort takes topographic point on Padme. Anakin decides to take Padme into concealing back on Tatooine and happen his female parent. When they arrive, Anakin interrogates Watto cuz he wants to happen out where the Lars farm is ( Choice 12: The Lars Moisture Farm ) . Watto is now old, unable to wing, and wholly broke from wagering on the podraces. ( It is my contention that Anakin ever knew his female parent had been freed and married to Cliegg Lars. That is why he neer returned to liberate her from bondage – he knew she was safe and no longer a slave. I have besides been told that Cliegg Lars won Shmi’s freedom in a stake against Gardulla the Hutt, to whom Watto had sold Shmi shortly after Episode I because he was so bust. I’m non certainly if this is true. ) Watto tells Anakin where the Lars place is and he hurries out at that place with Padm? . After a speedy conversation with Owen Lars an d his girlfriend Beru Whitesun, Anakin dumps Padm? off and Tells Owen to watch her ( Choice 2: Padm? at the Lars Farm ) . Anakin so runs out into the desert to where Owen says she has gone. When he finds her, she’s acquiring beaten to decease by ____________ *I’ll tell you later* . She dies in his weaponries. ( I will uncover more inside informations about this ulterior – but let’s merely state it’s a major measure for Anakin towards the Dark Side. ) On the other side of the galaxy, Obi-Wan tracks down Jango and Count Dooku to a planet run by Poggle the Lesser, and foreigner who specializes in making battledroids for the Trade Federation. Poggle has had created a clump of new ace conflict droids every bit good as the traditional Destroyer Droids and battledroids. They are besides fixing to make a clone ground forces of Clone Troopers ( who subsequently become Stormtroopers ) . Obi-Wan alerts the Jedi Council and an ground forces is dispatched. Soon after making so, Obi-Wan discoveries himself in deep bantha poodoo! He stumbles across Mr. Darth Sidious on this planet, and the two get in a battle. Obi-Wan gets beaten severely and loses his lightsaber ( Qui-Gon’s old one ) . This is the ground that he makes another bluish one for himself – the 1 that we see in A New Hope. Sidious zaps Obi-Wan with his lightning custodies ( Choice 7: Obi-Wan Gets Zapped ) until Obi-Wan is about dead. Sidious so takes Obi-Wan to Count Dooku and Poggle the Lesser and tells them to feed him to the Reeks.After sitting an full dark in the desert beside his dead female parent, Anakin returns to the Lars farm to happen that it has been pillaged by premium huntsmans ( a kin of Fetts ) . Cliegg Lars is dead, Beru and Owen are losing, and Padm? is gone. The Fetts take Padm? to the same planet that Obi-Wan is on ( Choice 8: Padm? is Captured ) . Anakin is diffident if he can salvage her, but pursuits after her. ( I have no thought how he knows where she went – possibly merely sees it through the Force like Luke saw that his friends were in problem on Cloud City in The Empire Strikes Back. ) Back on Poggle the Lesser’s planet, Jango, Dooku, and Poggle are watching Reeks eating slaves in an sphere before the chief event – feeding Obi-Wan to the Reeks. Minutes before Mace Windu and the Jedi Knights arrive on Tatooine, Obi-Wan is tied to a canvass in the centre of the sphere. Mace Windu and The Jedi explosion in merely in clip and have a ferocious conflict in an sphere with the droids, Jango, and a animal called the Reek. Windu kills Jango in the conflict, therefore triping Boba Fett’s hatred for the Jedi. The battle between the Jedi, ace droids, the Lessers, Reeks, and Count Dooku continues outside the sphere. Anakin is nowhere to be found, and even Yoda engages in the battle. After Anakin eventually does get he attempts to salvage Padme, but fails. Obi-Wan insists she is dead, but Anakin doesnâ €™t believe a word of it. A lightsaber conflict shortly erupts between Obi-Wan, Windu, Anakin, Count Dooku ( revealed to be Lord Tyranus ) , and another dark Jedi. During this conflict, Count Dooku cuts off Anakin’s right manus right above the carpus ( Choice 11: Anakin Vs. Dooku ) . The conflict rages on, and shortly Anakin believes that the lone manner he can salvage Padme is by turning to the Dark Side, despite the warnings of Obi-Wan. He turns on his maestro, therefore taking to Episode III.I believe the movie concludes with Padm? stating Obi-Wan that she is pregnant with Anakin’s kid. Obi-Wan tells her to travel into concealing on Alderaan. There # 8217 ; s still a spot losing. I think there is rather a spot more material at the beginning. Padm? and Anakin acquire married about three quarters of the manner through the movie. Reading what # 8217 ; s written supra would take you to believe otherwise, but that # 8217 ; s because there are things losing. I believe Anakin and Obi-Wan parade around with Padm? for rather a piece before Anakin takes her to Naboo.

Free Essays on Im A Fool

The short story entitled I’m a Fool, written in the early nineteen hundreds by Sherwood Anderson is rather interesting to me. Andy is very simple. He is not educated and believes that he is over looked due to his physical appearance. At the start of the story, he seems as if he has a short fuse. He talks about wanting to harm the kid that took the paper job and he also wants to prove himself to the fellow with the cane in the bar because he was dressed nicely. He thinks that education is of no importance in life and disagrees with is mother and sister on this issue. I think that the overall moral of the story is that no matter how hard life is, education is just a piece of the puzzle of life and with out it life can get sticky. At the end of the story he gets involved with a girl he feels strongly about and realizes that being a swipe is nothing to brag about. He decides at this point to lie about his life and for that he feels ashamed. I believe that the overall moral of the story has something to do with the idea that here he decides to give up the swiping and meets a girl that he feels could be the one, but due to his own inability to deal with the pressure of the yaps. He decides to drink some whiskey and uses that as his reason for lying about who he is exactly, as well as, being ashamed of who he is because of what he has done in the past. At the end of the story he said that he explains about how he feels mad, sad, and happy all at the same time due to the situation he has caused just by telling a lie. Now he believes he has lost his chan ce to be with this women. Life now to him is meaningless. I read the story three times and it still confuses me in a sense that, it seems to be choppy from detail to detail. He never really tells you about the man with the cane in the grandstands. Was it the same guy from the bar that he was so rude to? Why does he feel as though there is no other work he can do? I believe he is looking for a... Free Essays on I'm A Fool Free Essays on I'm A Fool The short story entitled I’m a Fool, written in the early nineteen hundreds by Sherwood Anderson is rather interesting to me. Andy is very simple. He is not educated and believes that he is over looked due to his physical appearance. At the start of the story, he seems as if he has a short fuse. He talks about wanting to harm the kid that took the paper job and he also wants to prove himself to the fellow with the cane in the bar because he was dressed nicely. He thinks that education is of no importance in life and disagrees with is mother and sister on this issue. I think that the overall moral of the story is that no matter how hard life is, education is just a piece of the puzzle of life and with out it life can get sticky. At the end of the story he gets involved with a girl he feels strongly about and realizes that being a swipe is nothing to brag about. He decides at this point to lie about his life and for that he feels ashamed. I believe that the overall moral of the story has something to do with the idea that here he decides to give up the swiping and meets a girl that he feels could be the one, but due to his own inability to deal with the pressure of the yaps. He decides to drink some whiskey and uses that as his reason for lying about who he is exactly, as well as, being ashamed of who he is because of what he has done in the past. At the end of the story he said that he explains about how he feels mad, sad, and happy all at the same time due to the situation he has caused just by telling a lie. Now he believes he has lost his chan ce to be with this women. Life now to him is meaningless. I read the story three times and it still confuses me in a sense that, it seems to be choppy from detail to detail. He never really tells you about the man with the cane in the grandstands. Was it the same guy from the bar that he was so rude to? Why does he feel as though there is no other work he can do? I believe he is looking for a... Free Essays on I'm A Fool I’m A Fool In Sherwood Andersons, â€Å"I’m a Fool†, four major incidents seem to take place that brings the story to its conclusion. First the narrator decides to quit his horse racing job because of a promise he made to his mother. The narrator seems to feel almost guilty and obligated to quit because he took a job as a swipe and this could possibly jeopardize his sister Mildred from getting a job as a school teacher which she had been working for so long to get. So he gets a job tending to horses, which he is satisfied with and affords him the opportunity to get some time off each week and to make enough money to even send home. This leads to the second major incidence in the story. The first time the narrator sees Lucy Wesson. Many times throughout the story the narrator speaks of his dislike of the educated people and the behavior of the middle to upper class people who were sitting up in the grandstands looking down on all the lower worker class people. I believe hi s ignorance is really jealously or envy of those who have it better than he does. He proves this by going to the horse race and mingles with those same people with whom he says to dislike. He even goes so far as to buy a ticket and sit in the good seats in the grandstands. This is where he sees Lucy Wesson. This leads to the third major incidence of the story, giving false information to Lucy Wesson. He wants to impress her so much and but is so embarrassed with himself and of how poor his family is, he comes up with an elaborate lie to try and win her over. He goes so far as to say that the horse Ben Ahem is owned by his father and places a bet. This he can’t do himself, for fear of being recognized by one his former fellow workers. He asked Wilbur Wesson, Lucy’s’ brother, to place the bet for him. The story continues with the narrator going with Lucy, Wilbur and Miss Woodbury to Cedar Point were he eats dinner with Lucy and they spend some time al...

Definition and Examples of Personification

Definition and Examples of Personification Definition Personification is a  trope or figure of speech (generally considered a type of metaphor) in which an inanimate object or abstraction is given human qualities or abilities. The term in classical rhetoric for personification is prosopopoeia. See Examples and Observations below. Also, see: What Is Personification?AllegoryApostrophe (Rhetoric)Ontological MetaphorPersonification Is Alive and WellTeaching the Figures of Speech in MoviesThe Top 20 Figures of Speech Examples of Personification in Essays and Novels James Weldon Johnsons New York in the Early 1900sThe Old Oak of Andover, by Harriet Beecher StoweOn a Rainy Morning, by C. S. BrooksPersonification in Jonathan Lethems Motherless BrooklynThe Story of a Garden, by Mabel Wright Examples and Observations Oreo: Milk’s favorite cookie.  (slogan on a package of Oreo cookies)The wind stood up and gave a shout.He whistled on his fingers andKicked the withered leaves aboutAnd thumped the branches with his handAnd said hed kill and kill and kill,And so he will! And so he will!(James Stephens, The Wind)The fog had crept into the taxi where it crouched panting in a traffic jam. It oozed in ungenially, to smear sooty fingers over the two elegant young people who sat inside.(Margery Allingham, The Tiger in the Smoke, 1952)Only the champion daisy trees were serene. After all, they were part of a rain forest already two thousand years old and scheduled for eternity, so they ignored the men and continued to rock the diamondbacks that slept in their arms. It took the river to persuade them that indeed the world was altered. (Toni Morrison, Tar Baby, 1981)The small waves were the same, chucking the rowboat under the chin as we fished at anchor.(E.B. White, Once More to the Lake, 1941)The ro ad isnt built that can make it breathe hard! (slogan for Chevrolet automobiles) Unseen, in the background, Fate was quietly slipping the lead into the boxing gloves. (P.G. Wodehouse, Very Good, Jeeves, 1930)They crossed another yard, where hulks of obsolete machinery crouched, bleeding rust into their blankets of snow . . .. (David Lodge, Nice Work. Viking, 1988)Fear knocked on the door. Faith answered. There was no one there.(proverb quoted by Christopher Moltisanti, The Sopranos)Pimento eyes bulged in their olive sockets. Lying on a ring of onion, a tomato slice exposed its seedy smile . . .. (Toni Morrison, Love: A Novel. Alfred A. Knopf, 2003)Good morning, America, how are you?Dont you know me Im your native son.Im the train they call the City of New Orleans;Ill be gone five hundred miles when the day is done.(Steve Goodman, The City of New Orleans, 1972)The only monster here is the gambling monster that has enslaved your mother! I call him Gamblor, and its time to snatch your mother from his neon claws! (Homer Simpson, The Simpsons)The operation is over. On the table, the knife lies spent, on its side, the bloody meal smear-dried upon its flanks. The knife rests.And waits.(Richard Selzer, The Knife. Mortal Lessons: Notes on the Art of Surgery. Simon Schuster, 1976) Dirk turned on the car wipers, which grumbled because they didnt have quite enough rain to wipe away, so he turned them off again. Rain quickly speckled the windscreen.He turned on the wipers again, but they still refused to feel that the exercise was worthwhile, and scraped and squeaked in protest.(Douglas Adams, The Long Dark Tea-Time of the Soul. William Heinemann, 1988)Joy’s trick is to supplyDry lips with what can cool and slake,Leaving them dumbstruck also with an acheNothing can satisfy.(Richard Wilbur, Hamlen Brook)Outside, the sun springs down on the rough and tumbling town. It runs through the hedges of Goosegog Lane, cuffing the birds to sing. Spring whips green down Cockle Row, and the shells ring out. Llaregyb this snip of a morning is wildfruit and warm, the streets, fields, sands and waters springing in the young sun.(Dylan Thomas, Under Milk Wood, 1954) Roger Angells Personifications of Death Death, meanwhile, was constantly onstage or changing costume for his next engagementas Bergman’s thick-faced chess player; as the medieval night-rider in a hoodie; as Woody Allen’s awkward visitor half-falling into the room as he enters through the window; as W.C. Fields’s man in the bright nightgownand in my mind had gone from spectre to a waiting second-level celebrity on the Letterman show. Or almost. Some people I knew seemed to have lost all fear when dying and awaited the end with a certain impatience. I’m tired of lying here, said one. Why is this taking so long? asked another. Death will get it on with me eventually, and stay much too long, and though I’m in no hurry about the meeting, I feel I know him almost too well by now.  (Roger Angell, This Old Man. The New Yorker, February 17, 2014)   Harriet Beecher Stowes Old Oak Right opposite our house, on our Mount Clear, is an old oak, the apostle of the primeval forest. . . . His limbs have been here and there shattered; his back begins to look mossy and dilapidated; but after all, there is a piquant, decided air about him, that speaks the old age of a tree of distinction, a kingly oak. Today I see him standing, dimly revealed through the mist of falling snows; tomorrows sun will show the outline of his gnarled limbsall rose color with their soft snow burden; and again a few months, and spring will breathe on him, and he will draw a long breath, and break out once more, for the three-hundredth time, perhaps, into a vernal crown of leaves.  (Harriet Beecher Stowe, The Old Oak of Andover, 1855)   Shakespeares Use of Personification Do villainy, do, since you protest to dot,Like workmen. Ill example you with thievery.The suns a thief, and with his great attractionRobs the vast sea; the moons an arrant thief,And her pale fire she snatches from the sun;The seas a thief, whose liquid surge resolvesThe moon into salt tears; the earths a thief,That feeds and breeds by a composture stolenFrom general excrement: each things a thief.(Timon in Timon of Athens by William Shakespeare)   Frauds Tears Next came Fraud, and he had on,Like Eldon, an ermined gown;His big tears, for he wept well,Turned to mill-stones as they fell.And the little children, whoRound his feet played to and fro,Thinking every tear a gem,Had their brains knocked out by them.(Percy Bysshe Shelley, The Mask of Anarchy)   Two Types of Personification [I]t is necessary to distinguish two meanings of the term personification. One refers to the practice of giving an actual personality to an abstraction. This practice has its origins in animism and ancient religion, and it is called personification by modern theorists of religion and anthropology.The other meaning of personification . . . is the historical sense of prosopopoeia. This refers to the practice of giving a consciously fictional personality to an abstraction, impersonating it. This rhetorical practice requires a separation between the literary pretense of a personality and the actual state of affairs.(Jon Whitman, Allegory: The Dynamics of an Ancient and Medieval Technique. Harvard University Press, 1987)   Personification Today Personification, with allegory, was the literary rage in the 18th century, but it goes against the modern grain and today is the feeblest of metaphorical devices.(Rene Cappon, Associated Press Guide to News Writing, 2000)In present-day English, [personification] has taken on a new lease of life in the media, especially film and advertising, although literary critics like Northrop Frye (cited in Paxson 1994: 172) might well think it is devalued. . . .Linguistically, personification is marked by one or more of the following devices:(Katie Wales, Personal Pronouns in Present-Day English. Cambridge University Press, 1996) the potentiality for the referent to be addressed by you (or thou);the assignment of the faculty of speech (and hence the potential occurrence of I);the assignment of a personal name;co-occurrence of personified NP with he/she;reference to human/animal attributes: what TG would thus term the violation of selection restrictions (e.g. the sun slept). The Lighter Side of Personification [inside SpongeBobs mind]   SpongeBob boss: Hurry up! What do you think Im paying you for?SpongeBob worker: You dont pay me. You dont even exist. Were just a clever visual metaphor used to personify the abstract concept of thought.SpongeBob boss: One more crack like that and youre outta here!SpongeBob worker: No, please! I have three kids!(No Weenies Allowed, SpongeBob SquarePants, 2002) There was a time when music knew its place. No longer. Possibly this is not musics fault. It may be that music fell in with a bad crowd and lost its sense of common decency. I am willing to consider this. I am willing to even to try and help. I would like to do my bit to set music straight in order that it might shape up and leave the mainstream of society. The first thing that music must understand is that there are two kinds of musicgood music and bad music. Good music is music that I want to hear. Bad music is music that I dont want to hear.(Fran Lebowitz, The Sound of Music: Enough Already. Metropolitan Life, E.P. Dutton, 1978) Pronunciation: per-SON-if-i-KAY-shun Also Known As: prosopopoeia

The television show AMERICAN IDOL. is a good show. and why it a good Essay

The television show AMERICAN IDOL. is a good show. and why it a good show - Essay Example Exploring the spontaneity aspects of the show, how much of it is truly spontaneous and what parts are orchestrated is a topic of speculation (Shale 2006). The competition’s initial rounds attract tens of thousands of hopeful artists who are screened and only dozens move on to the rounds in Hollywood. In these initial auditions, a mix of expectant artists are showcased comprise of some bizarre acts, very poor singing talent along with those who are chosen for the rounds in Hollywood. The viewers are granted the experience of watching spontaneity at its epitome with bizarre and awful performances such as the portrayal of Lady Marmalade in season one and a contestant dressed as the Statue of Liberty in the latest season’s auditions. While one may wonder whether such self-delusioned people are for real, viewers will no doubt agree that such eccentricities add to the reality show’s appeal. While spontaneity of the contestants is one aspect, the judges themselves add to the drama of the show by blunt and harsh criticisms and unsuppressed dismays expressed verbally and with their dramatic facial expressions. The three judges of the show, Simon Cowell, Paula Abdul and Randy Jackson portrays three different personal styles with Simon coming across as the most critical and harsh of them with controversial remarks which even raise public backlashes. As per Tom Shales, in his article, Americas Winning Losers†¦ â€Å"when the show started, this aspect of it seemed awfully mean-spirited -- humiliation television, cruelty as entertainment† (Shales 2006). However, it has to be accepted that the viewing audience sees such brutal remarks by Simon as "You look like the Incredible Hulks wife" as an essential element of the formula which makes Idol the success it is. Squabbling between the judges themselves on disagreements on who they

Food Safety Bulletin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Food Safety Bulletin - Essay Example Their children will get ill and in return they not only have to spend extra cost on medical but the mental pressure they have to go through is much worse. So it is necessary to educate the people regarding the health issues, food etc but most of our society is ill-literate. It is mostly believed that the food is not harmful but things like raw meat, poultry, fish , eggs contains bacteria which are harmful so in such a case media is of great importance. Television, radio can be used to target market. In places where people have no such knowledge electronic media will be able to give them knowledge about the safety precautions which should be adopted. It is not necessary that only the raw food contains bacteria it can be contaminated at the time of purchase too. So mishandling is one of the greatest errors which are responsible for food-borne illness. Food safety centers should be established which should guide the public regarding the raw meat. At what temperature it should be kept in the freezer and for how long it will survive? Meat should not be left opened because bacteria tend to multiply very soon it should be rinsed as soon as possible and should be kept at the required temperature.

Andhra Pradesh Health and Social Care

Andhra Pradesh Health and Social Care Introduction: The health and social care arena is facing some of the biggest challenges for decades. Demographically this is because more people are falling prey to changing environment, deprived economy, social factors, increased population, life style changes, early mortality etc. The research has provided many benefits in discovery of new treatments and technologies used in health care. It can improve the health outcome to individuals which in turn reduces the burden on the health care. In 1953 Andhra Pradesh was first formed on a linguistic basis by carving it out from Madras area. In 1956 later it was merged with telugu speaking area of Hyderabad state to form a Andhra Pradesh State. In order to keep alive the interest of the Telegu people, Amarajeevi Potti Sriramulu kept pressure on the Madras Presidency government to give a ear to public demand for the separate Telugu speaking state (Rayalaseema and coastal Andhra) to form a new Andhra state. With unbreakable determination he went on a fast, and only stopped when prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru promised to form new Andhra State. On the midnight of 15 December (i.e. Early 16 December 1952), Potti Sriramulu died and sacrificed his life trying to achieve the state. In the history of this telugu state on the 18th Feb 2014 Lok Shabha of India approving the formation of Telangana with ten districts. In India, Andhra Pradesh is one of the populated state because of its growth and its geologically near the sea coast. In India, Andhra Pradesh is one of the populated state because of its growth and its geologically near the sea coast. The Census over the year has seen the state grow steadily in the terms of population. It is located in the southern region of the country, the state shares its boundaries with Orissa, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. The capital of the state is the vibrant city of Hyderabad that has seen the rule of Nizams for a long time. Andhra Pradesh has been one of the oldest states in the country and finds its place in many ancient works of Literature. According to 2011 census, the population of Andhra Pradesh is 84 million. The growth rate of the population is about 11% which is below the national average. The state has seen the faster growth in the terms of Technological infrastructure, civil works and also developed in sectors like IT and Telecom. The state has tiled over an area of 275000 sq km and has many places of strategic and cultural evidence. It has contributed to have the important place for Worship such as World famous deity, Tirupati balaji. Andhra Pradesh has a population density of 308 which is below the national average. In 2011, the literacy rate is 67% while compared to national average of about 74% and a cause of interest is given. Andhra Pradesh have the best ports in the country with regards to Trade.     Ã‚   Population in Andhra Pradesh in 2011 According to Andhra Pradesh Census in 2011 the population has increased to 0.84(8.46 7.62 crore) when compared to census in 2001. The total population is 84,580,777 of which male and female were 42,442,146 and 42,138,631 respectively. Population Growth Rate in Andhra Pradesh The total population growth in this decade is 10.98% while in previous decade was 13.86%. The population of Andhra Pradesh forms 6.99% of India in 2011. Literacy Rate in Andhra Pradesh 2011 As per 2011 population census Literacy rate in Andhra Pradesh has been upward trend and is 67.02%. in which male literacy stands at 74.88% and female literacy is at 58.68%. The total literates in Andhra Pradesh stands at 50,556,760 of which male were 28,251,243 and female were 22,305,517 and in terms of percentage it stood at 60.47% of male and 71.16% of female respectively. Andhra Pradesh Density 2011 The total area of Andhra Pradesh in 275,045 sq km. Density of Andhra Pradesh is 308 Sq Km when compared to 277 sq km in 2001. Sex Ratio in Andhra Pradesh In Andhra Pradesh Sex Ratio is 993 for each 1000 male and female is 978 per 1000 males which is below national average of 940 as per census 2011. Description 2011 2001 Population 8,45,80,777(Approximate 8.45 crores) 7,62,10,077(Approximate 7.62 crores) Male 4,24,42,146 3,85,27,413 Female 4,21,38,631 3,76,82,594 Growth in Population 10.98% 13.86% Percentage of Population 6.99% 7.41% Sex Ratio 993 978 Child sex ratio 939 896 Density/km2 308 277 Area km2 2,75,045 2,75,045 Area mi2 1,06,195 1,06,196 Total Child population (0-6 Age) 91,42,802 1,01,71,857 Male population (0-6 Age) 47,14,950 51,87,321 Female population (0-6Age) 44,27,852 49,84,536 Literacy 67.02% 60.47% Male Literacy 74.88% 71.16% Female literacy 58.68% 50.29% Total literate 5,05,56,760 3,99,34,323 Male literate 2,82,51,243 2,34,44,788 Female literate 2,23,05,517 1,64,89,535 Rural Population in Andhra Pradesh 2011 In the total population of Andhra Pradesh 66.67% live in villages of rural areas. Males and females are 56,361,702 respectively. The population growth rate recorded for the decade was 66.64%. In rural regions of Andhra Pradesh state, female sex ratio per 1000 males was 996 and children below age of 6 was 941 girls per 1000 boys. In rural regions of Andhra Pradesh state, the literacy rate for males and females stood at 69.38% and 51.29% respectively. Description Rural Urban Total population 5,63,61,702 2,82,19,075 Male population 2,82,43,241 1,41,98,905 Female population 2,81,18,461 1,40,20,170 Population growth 1.73% 35.61% Sex ratio 996 987 Child sex ratio(0-6) 941 935 Child population(0-6) 61,52,022 29,90,780 Child percentage(0-6) 10.92% 10.60% Literates 3,03,51,065 2,02,05,695 Average literacy 60.45% 80.09% Male literacy 69.38% 85.79% Female literacy 51.29% 73.31% Estimated crude birth rates, crude death rates and infant mortality in Andhra Pradesh. S.No Particulars 2010 2011 Rural Urban Rural Urban 1 Crude birth rate per 1000 population 18.3 16.7 17.8 16.6 2 Crude death rate per 1000 population 8.6 5.4 8.5 5.2 3 Infant mortality rate per 1000 live births 51 33 47 31 Source: Sample registration system statistical reports, 2010 and SRS bulletin vol.47 No.2,Oct 2012 of office.Registrar general of india, Ministry of home affairs, Govt.of India, New Delhi. Hyderabad: It is the capital city of Andhra Pradesh and one of the largest state in India. The origin of the name Hyderabad came into picture when Muhammad Qulin Qutub founded the city and named after a nautch girl who got converted to Islam after marriage and adopted the title Hyder Mahal and in her honour the city was renamed as Hyderabad. Hyderabad is located in the north- western part of Andhra Pradesh and lies on the banks of Musi River in the northern part of the Deccan plateau in south India. Climate Hyderabad has a tropical wet and dry climate ranging from the scale of 21 – 32 degree Celsius. The Hyderabad Municipal Corporation was expanded in 2007 to form the greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. Hyderabad has paved in art, literature and cuisine. The city is also attracted with tourist destination such as Chowmahalla Palace, Charminar and Golkonda fort and joining hands with various interesting museums, bazaars, galleries, libraries, sports venues and other cultural institutions. Hyderabad is a shell for information technology, pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries. It is also a home for film industry, education and research having 13 universities and business schools.It became a tourist spot and hub of various cultures. According to 2011 Census Population in Hyderabad: Description 2011 2001 Population 39,43,323 38,29,753 Male 20,18,575 19,81,173 Female 19,24,748 18,48,580 Growth in Population 2.97% 21.74% Area-Sq.Km 217 217 Density/km2 18,172 17,649 Proportion to AP population 4.66% 5.03% Sex ratio(per 1000) 954 933 Child sex ratio(0-6 Age) 914 943 Average Literacy 83.25 78.80 Male literacy 86.99 83.74 Female literacy 79.35 73.50 Total child population(0-6 Age) 4,69,126 4,86,084 Male population(0-6 Age) 2,45,127 2,50,173 Female population(0-6 Age) 2,23,999 2,35,911 Literates 28,92,155 26,34,949 Male literates 15,42,688 14,49,602 Female literates 13,49,467 11,85,347 Proportion of child(0-6 Age) 11.90% 12.69% Proportion of boys(0-6 Age) 12.12% 12.63% Proportion of girls(0-6 Age) 11.64% 12.76% Healthcare The Andhra Pradesh Vaidya Vidhana Parishad, a department of the state government ,administers healthcare in Hyderabad. Medical services are provided by government hospitals, clinics, private hospitals and charities. In 2010-11 the city had 50 government hospitals, 300 private and charity hospitals and 194 nursing homes together having approximately 12000 hospital beds. The ratio for every 10000 people in the city there are 17.6 hospitals beds, 9 specialist doctors, 14 nurses and 6 physicians. The common people prefer private hospitals as they are standardized with good quality and advance treatment. According to the 2005 National Family Health Survey, 24% of Hyderabad’s households are covered by government health schemes or insurance. The city’s total fertility is 1.8 where only 61% of children has proved with all basic vaccines( BCG, measles and full courses of polio and DPT) . The infant mortality rate for children below age of five was 41 per 1,000 live births. According to one survey , about third of women and quarter of men and 20% of children are objected to overweight or obese while 49 % of children below 5 are anaemia. More than 2% of women and 3% of men are suffer from diabetes. Ethnic groups, language and religion Residents of Hyderabad are known as Hyderabadi. The majority speak Telugu followed by Urdu, Marathi. Minority language spoken are Kannada, Marwari, Bengali, Tamil, Malayali, Gujarati, Punjabi people. Religion in Hyderabad District- 2001 Religion Percent Hinduism 55% Islam 42% Christianity 2% Others 1% Economy Of all the cities of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad is the largest contributor to the state’s GDP, tax and other revenues. Its per capita annual income in 2011 was 44,300. Culture Hyderabad has North and South linguistic and cultural traits of Hindu and Muslim traditions. Festivals celebrated in Hyderabad include Ganesh Chaturthi, Diwali, Bonalu, Bathukamma, Eid ul-Fitr and Eid al-Adha. Hyderabad is the medical hub for Andhra Pradesh. While the Three Hospitals in Hyderabad i.e Omega Hospitals, Basavatarakam Indo American cancer institute and research Centre and MNJ institute of Oncology Regional Cancer Centre and patients with breast cancer have been selected for the present study. These three hospitals are specialized in cancer treatment and research. In this study only Breast Cancer patients are selected. Hyderabad is the medical hub for Andhra Pradesh. Omega Hospital Known for commitment and interest of a few doctors are the world’s best specialist for treating cancer patients in Andhra Pradesh. Omega Hospital has combined to bring the best in the field of Oncology. The NABH has credited as the first of its cancer care. The team is lead by Dr. Ch. Mohana Vamsy who is instrumental in bringing best cancer care to the state of Andhrapradesh. The hospital was promoted in the year 2010 and started its operation from 2 of July 2010. On the first day the hospital had 100 OP registrations which reflects its popularity and confidence that patients have towards the hospital and the team. Vision To create a world-class integrated healthcare delivery system in India, entailing the finest medical skills combined with compassionate care. Mission: â€Å"In Life we believe† Our mission is to protect and provide advance facilities to cure by latest treatment and research.Omega Hospital is a 175 bedded Multi Specialty Hospital located in MLA colony, Road No:12, Banjara hills Hyderabad . The hospital is fostered with few doctors who come from highly experience of surgical oncologists, state-of-the-art operation theaters, anesthetic , critical care units, top-class radiology facilities including CT/PET-CT scanner, dedicated pathology, microbiology laboratory and dynamic medical oncology departments in one roof. Dr. Mohana Vamsy, Chief surgical oncologist and Managing director of OMEGA HOSPITALS and come from an experience of 20 years in treating cancer patients along with a dedicated team to work hand-in-hand for best recovery. Omega ha the latest laparoscopic equipment and expertise to perform all major oncologic abdomino-pelvic surgeries. It also has the latest surgical equipment to perform head and neck surgeries with quick recovery. Basavatarakam Indo- American Cancer Hospital and Research Centre This hospital was started with a dream of late Smt. Nandanuri Basava Taraka Rama Rao wife of late Chief Minister Sri N T Rama rao who herself was succumbed to the deadly disease. The late Chief Minister and several philanthropists, scients and physians from India and USA created the Basavatarakam Indo- American Cancer Hospital and Research Centre in Hyderabad. Today, it is a non-profit making organization, bestows care and treatment on par with stands of excellence and affordable price. It is run by two trustees, one based in India and other from United States of America, this institute meet different phase of patients fighting from Cancer. Today it stand proud saving the lives from this killer disease. Mission: Provide quality cancer treatment at affordable cost. Vision: Main Vision is to develop BIACH and RI as a premier institution for the Cancer Research and treatment in the country. It has 500 bed with advanced diagnostic and treatment facilities at affordable cost. It has MRI, Multiple Slice spiral CT, Conventional CT, Mammography unit, IMRT, IGRT, SRT, PET CT, Radio Idonine Thyroid Ward, Bone Scan, Muga Scan, Blood Bank Etc. Basavatarakam’s mobile unit work to reach adults (18 years and older) living in villages and small towns in Andhra Pradesh. The unit is equipped wirg a mammogram unit, x-ray and ultrasound facilities, mobile unit services offered Breast Health, Cervical health, Oral health, Prostate health, Skin health, Cancer education, Nutrition, Physical activity, brast Self Examination, Oral Self Examination, Tabacco Cessation. Facility for out-station patients Parents and families who come from long distance seek affordable and advanced health care facilities. The Hospital has come forward in providing comfort, reassurance, affordable and effortless Dormitory/ Guest House with A/c and non- A/c Rooms to nigh the patients. MNJ Institute of Oncology Regional Cancer Centre, Hyderabad The MNJ Institute of Oncology Regional Cancer Centre is a 40 bedded hospital established by Nawab Mehdi Nawaj Jung and inaugurated by the first Prime Minister of India Pundit Jawaharlal Nehru on 8 of December 1955. It was the first centre to provide cancer care.on march 1996, it was adwarded the status of Regional Cancer Centre. At present it has 250 bedded serving Andhra Pradesh and neighbouring states. The MNJ Institute of Oncology Regional Cancer Centre is the third cancer centre in the India. It takes pride for the fact of growth. This hospital provides free treatment to approximately to 10,000 new patients and 50,000 follow-up patients every year. Surgery, Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy is provided free of cost to all the patients below poverty line. The departments in MNJ Institute of Oncology Regional cancer centre are Radiation Oncology, Surgical Oncology, Plastic Reconstructive surgery, Medical Oncology, Nuclear Medicine, Pathology, Palliative Medicine, Biochemistry, Gynecological Oncology, Tobbaco cessation clinic etc.

Employee Selection Process in Private Company

EMPLOYEE SELECTION FOR SMALL BUSINESS OWNERS: THE INFLUENCES OF THE UNIFORM GUIDELINES AND COURT DECISIONS Edward, Ph. D. McKendree College Business Division 701 College Road Lebanon, IL 62254 (618)-537-4481 ABSTRACT The Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection Procedures (1978) were promulgated with large businesses in mind in order to affect large numbers of employees as rapidly as possible.However, the employee selection validation procedure advocated by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, criterion related validity, is one that small business owners are unable to use due to statistical restraints and the lack of personnel with the esoteric knowledge of validation procedures. These restrictions, coupled with court decisions such as Albemarle Paper Company v.Moody in which the United States Supreme Court ruled the test validation guidelines issued by the EEOC were to be given â€Å"great deference† by lower courts, have left small business owners with one practical and potentially legally defensible approach to employee selection. This paper briefly mentions the advantages of valid employee selection procedures, followed by a detailed description of the Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection Procedures (1978), relevant court cases, and a case study describing the validation of a small business employee selection test by the author.INTRODUCTION The importance of small business to the U. S. economy was well summarized by Siropolis (1986), who wrote: †¦ more than 99 percent of the nation's 16 million businesses are small-even if we define a small business as one that employs fewer than 100 rather than 500 †¦. Further evidence of its vitality is the fact that small business employs roughly half of the nation's workforce (pg. 8). In addition, Siropolis (1986) listed numerous other reasons for the importance of small business to the U. S. conomy, such as the higher return on equity small manufacturers earn than large manufacturers, the i nnovation found in small businesses as evidenced by small businesses accounting for half of all major inventions in the last 30 years in the U. S. , and the dependence of large businesses on small businesses as both suppliers and purchasers. These economic facts indicate that small business in the U. S. is the paramount force for economic growth and the creation of jobs, as noted recently: Small businesses are the principal job creating sector of the economy during recessions and expansions† (â€Å"The State Of†, 1985, pg. 46). Further evidence of the economic importance of small business has recently been published: Employment gains in small-business dominated industries in construction (18. 9 percent), finance, insurance and real estate (12. 7 percent), and services (12. 6 percent) are impressive when compared to the gains made in similar, large business dominated industries. In construction, the small business ted industries had employment gains of 18. 9 percent, whi le the large business industries showed an employment loss of 10. percent. The relative strengths of the small business gains in wholesale and retail trade are also significant †¦. Small firms with fewer than 100 employees†¦ generated 52. 6 percent of net employment growth from 1976 to 1982. (â€Å"The State Of†, 1985, p. 17-21). One can add to this the reliance of the U. S. government on small businesses, as evidenced by the federal government purchasing almost 29% of its of goods and services from small businesses in 1983 (â€Å"The State Of†, 1985).EMPLOYEE SELECTION An area of vital importance within small business management is the area of employee selection. An increasing awareness of the importance of employee selection has been noted: â€Å"Nearly 40% of surveyed employers are using more prehiring testing of job candidates than they were five years ago† (â€Å"Prehiring Tests†, 1986, p. 17). The importance to the U. S. economy of employe e selection in a small business is due both to the fact that small businesses create the majority of new jobs in the U.S. (Birch, 1979; â€Å"The State Of†, 1985), and the impact of the employee selection process on a small business. First, the results of a valid selection procedure include increased productivity of as much as 20 percent (Schmidt, Hunter, McKenzie, & Muldrow, 1979). This is an important result to small business owners, as productivity improvement has been rated as the number one concern of both CEOs and executives and engineers in separate surveys (â€Å"Productivity: A Top†, 1986, p. 46).Other important results include an avoidance of lawsuits (Dreher & Sackett, 1981; Kleiman & Faley, 1978), greater job satisfaction and organizational commitment, reduced absenteeism and fewer disciplinary actions (Fear & Ross, 1983), reduced time spent in supervision for the small business owner, and reduced training costs and turnover (Stone & Ruch, 1974). The potent ial for reduced turnover is also important for small business owners, due to recent data indicating that: Small businesses have higher annual employee turnover than large companies.The Administrative Management Society reports that businesses with 26-250 employees have a 19% turnover rate, while larger firms (more than 5000 employees) average only 7% (â€Å"Small Businesses, Turnover† 1986, p. 13). In total, these results are particularly important due to the greater relative effect each employee has in a small business as opposed to the effect of an individual employee in a large business. In the U. S. , the employee selection procedures used by all business owners are regulated by the Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection Procedures (1978).The Uniform Guidelines (UG) were designed to provide technical assistance to employers and were written following a review of relevant court cases and consultations with industrial psychologists. At present, the UG are serving as a ref erence for determining the legality of currently used selection tests. The UG are administered by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), which is empowered to do so by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.As Landy and Trumbo (1980) have noted: â€Å"The EEOC has evolved from a weak public advocate status to a strong and active enforcement agency, with broad powers to initiate and negotiate legal and administrative action on behalf of protected minority groups† (p. 92). Although the UG are not â€Å"law† as a lawyer would define law in that they were not passed as bills in Congress, they are frequently referenced as technical guides by judges. In the UG, the employment decisions made by business owners and managers are regulated and broadly defined, e. . , promotions, referrals for training, as well as selection for hiring are all subject to the influence of the UG. The UG list three allowable approaches to validating a selection test used by a busines s. Briefly, criterion related validation approaches focus on the statistical ability of the selection test to predict the criterion, or as noted by Dreher and Sackett (1981): â€Å"†¦ criterion-related approaches focus on the relationship between a hiring requirement and job behavior† (p. 552).Another way of describing criterion-related validity was written by Landy and Trumbo) (1980): â€Å"When we are investigating the validity of a selection procedure using a criterion related design, typically, we are looking for a significant correlation between a test (predictor) and job behavior (criterion)† (p. 70- 71). The UG define criterion related validity in this way: â€Å"In criterion related validity, a selection procedure is justified by a statistical relationship between scores on the test or other selection procedure and measures of job performance† (P. 8292, Federal Register, 1978). According to the UG, the requirements of the job analysis, which is a co mprehensive definition of the tasks performed by a job incumbent, are: â€Å"There should be a review of job information to determine measures of work behavior(s) or performance that are relevant to the job or group of jobs in question†. The paramount difficulty with conducting a criterion related validity study for the small business owner is the required number of hirees, which is discussed in the UG under the term of â€Å"technical feasibility†.Although the minimum is not specified in the UG, an absolute minimum is 30 employees (Heneman, Schwab, Fossum, & Dyer, 1986). For many small business owners, this minimum number is more employees than they hire in a year, which in turn makes the criterion related validation approach of little value. In addition, the statistical measures required by the criterion related validity approach are often recondite for a small business owner.Construct valuation approaches attempt to measure an applicant's amount of psychological cha racteristics such as â€Å"need for achievement†. The UG discuss construct validity in this manner: â€Å"Construct validity involves identifying the psychological trait (the construct) which underlies successful performance on the job and then devising a selection procedure to measure the presence and degree of that construct† (p. 38292, Federal Register, 1978). The construct validity of a test refers to the extent to which it measures the construct it is supposed to measure.Landy and Trumbo (1980) noted: â€Å"It is the most theoretical of the definitions of validity, since it is concerned with the abstractions used in referring to psychological structures, functions, or traits, rather than to the prediction of some external criterion† (p. 73). The job analysis for a construct validity study involves a list of critical job behaviors and the constructs believed to underly the behaviors. These studies are difficult to do, as a â€Å"construct† is a hypoth etical attribute of a person that underlies and guides their behavior. Content validation approaches are oncerned with the job relatedness of the selection test rather than a concern with the criterion. Landy and Trumbo (1980) defined this approach toe employee selection procedure validation as: â€Å"Content validity is concerned with the extent to which the sample of items in a test (and the sample behavior elicited by these items) is an unbiased representation of the domain (i. e. , attribute or trait) being sampled† (p. 71). According to the UG: â€Å"A selection procedure can be supported by a content validity strategy to the extent that it is a representative sample of the content of the job†.An important concept for a content valid selection procedure is the job analysis, which was defined by Schultz (1978): â€Å"The purpose of the job analysis is to describe, in specific term, the precise nature of the component tasks performed by the workers on a particular job† (p. 76). A job analysis can be approached in a variety of ways, as noted by McCormick and Tiffin (1974): â€Å"Job analysis can be considered as embracing the collection and analysis of any type of job related information, by any method, for any purpose† (p. 9). The job analysis for a content validity study involves interviewing and observing incumbents: Job analysis for content validity. There should be a job analysis which includes an analysis of the important work behaviors(s) required for successful performance and their relative importance and, if the behavior results in work product(s), an analysis of the work product(s). Any job analysis should focus on the work behaviors and the tasks associated with them †¦The work behaviors selected for measurement should be critical work behaviors and/or important work behaviors constituting most of the job. The key to content validity is the answers to the questions the small business owner must ask: â€Å"How rep resentative of on the job behaviors is the test? Does it sample all important aspects of the job? † Landy and Trumbo (1980) wrote â€Å"Content validity is determined on the basis of how well the test material samples the job performance domain† (p. 72). The validity of a content validation study is judgmental; no statistical analysis is done (Robinson, 1981).The value of the content validation approach to a small business owner is that it allows a selection test to be validated within the UG restraints, and at the same time it does not require large sample sizes or recondite statistical analyses: When is content validation appropriate? One circumstance is when there are too few people available to form a sample for purposes of empirical validation. While there are differences of opinion on what the minimum necessary sample size is for empirical validation, an absolute minimum is 30 individuals who all perform the same job (Heneman et al. 986, pg. 281-283). The restrict ions of the content validity approach are few. One of the restrictions is that the selection test should consist only of knowledge or skills that cannot readily be learned on the job (Miner & Miner, 1980). In addition, content validity is prohibited by the UG to measure mental processes as part of a selection procedure. An example of the content validation approach to employee selection is the appropriately titled Content Oriented Personnel Selection in a Small Business Setting by Robinson (1981).In his article, which involved the content validation process needed in designing a selection procedure which was used to hire one construction superintendent for a small construction firm, Robinson (1981) informs the reader of the steps necessary in a job analysis for a content valid selection test: 1. Convene a panel of experts†¦. 2. Ask the panel to identify all the broad objectives to be met by an ideal incumbent on the target job. If objectives can be so quantified that they can p roperly be called standards, so much the better†¦. 3.List specific behaviors required to meet each objective †¦. 4. Identification of â€Å"critical† tasks †¦ The content sample will be valid to the extent that the critical tasks reflect actual job performance †¦. 5. Determination of interjudge agreement as to the importance of major dimensions of the job†¦ (pgs. 78-79). The importance of such a systematic approach to the job analysis was emphasized by Dreher and Sackett (1981): â€Å"The quality of any content validation effort depends on the thoroughness and appropriateness of the job analysis† (p. 54); the job analysis will be used to determine if the content valid test actually samples relevant job behavior mentioned in the job analysis as important. Having conducted the job analysis, Robinson (1981) constructed a test battery based upon work sample procedures. As an example, the applicants were given a construction error recognition test i n which the applicants were required to inspect a 8†² by 12†² shed that contained 25 construction errors. The applicants were to list the construction errors they spotted during their inspection.This emphasis on the UG when discussing employee selection approaches for small business owners stems from two major court cases which directly ruled on the use of content validity as a way of validating a selection instrument. In Firefighters Institute for Racial Equality v. City of St. Louis, a promotional examination for fire captains was ruled to have adequate content validity within the directives of the UG. In U. S. v. Connelie, a selection procedure for New York State Police was ruled to be invalid due to in large part the lack of a task-oriented job analysis nor was the frequency and importance of job duties identified.In both of these cases, the UG used in making the judicial rulings. Two other court cases which indicate the importance of understating content validity are Harless v. Duck and King v. New Hampshire Department of Resources and Economic Development. In Harless v. Duck, a structured oral interview was found to be rejecting more female applicants than male applicants, however, the employer argued the interview had content validity in that hypothetical situations were used that a police officer might actually face.The court ruled the selection interview was valid, in large part due to its content validity. In King v. New Hampshire, a business lost a discrimination lawsuit due to applicants being asked questions which were not job related, i. e. , not based on a job analysis and therefore not content valid. With the importance of employee selection validation in mind, coupled with the feasibility of the content validation approach for small business owners, I would like to describe the approach I used for a small business owner located in the Midwest.The small business is a general purpose real estate office (â€Å"general purpose,† i n the sense that it handled farm, commercial, and private dwelling real estate sales) which has two owner managers and 10 sales associates. The primary function of the sales force for this small business is to sell as much real estate as possible, in terms of monetary value rather than number of units sold. The organization did not have a job analysis of the job of real estate agent and was using an unstructured interview to hire applicants. The initial step was to develop a job analysis.The purposes of the job analysis were to (a) define the job duties being performed by the job incumbents, (b) obtain a listing of the requisite knowledge, skills, and abilities to perform each job duty, and (c) determine the importance and time spent on each job duty as perceived by the incumbents. For this small business, the process of collecting information for the job analysis consisted of three steps: (a) reviewing the appropriate entry in the Dictionary of Occupational Titles, (b) reading the job related material from the firm's files, and (c) a series of interviews with all 10 real estate agents and both of the owner-managers.Due to the job analyst's lack of familiarity with the job, the first step was to review the job description in the Dictionary of Occupational Titles. Its value is noted by Bass and Barrett (1981): â€Å"The job analyst can turn to the Dictionary of Occupational Titles to get a concise definition of almost any job in American industry† (p. 238). The use of this volume when approaching a job one is not familiar with was also noted by Cascio (1978): â€Å"First, the reader can become familiar with the vast array of jobs in general and with appropriate terminology in each job, (p. 47). The second step also involved acquiring some job related information about being a real estate agent; this step consisted of a reading of the informational and training manuals that are made available to the real estate agents. The perusal of these manuals was va luable in giving the job analyst background information necessary to conduct the third step of the information collection, the interviews with job incumbents. These interviews were conducted in a private room and ranged from 30 to 90 minutes.The interviews followed a patterned interview form, as recommended by Cascio (1978). The interview questions asked for traits, behaviors, and knowledge that the incumbents deemed necessary for the completion of the job of real estate agent. The interviewees were also informed that any knowledge or behaviors an applicant could learn within eight hours was not to be included. An example of an interview question is â€Å"What is the order of behaviors from the time you contact a customer until you are through with a sale? † The interviews generated a list of 106 job duties.Each of the interviewees received a copy of the 106 job duties, along with an instruction sheet asking them to rate each item as to its importance to their job and the rel ative amount of time they spend performing that job duty. The mean rating given each of the 106 job duties was computed by the job analyst for both the rating dimensions. With the interview information and summary statistics on hand, a selection instrument was constructed which was based on job duties which were rated highly in terms of their importance and time spent on each of them by job ncumbents, and which job incumbents considered were not trainable within eight hours. The selection instrument was based on a job sample approach, which is valid for a content validity based selection instrument. As an example, the selection instrument asked an applicant to calculate monthly payments on a home given certain financial parameters. The questions were given to six randomly selected job incumbents who were asked to choose which of the job sample test questions an applicant would have to pass in order to meet minimum standards as a new employee.The job incumbents overall picked an aver age of 80% of the job sample items as being necessary for a new employee to pass to be acceptable at a minimum level of acceptability. Therefore, an applicant would have to score a minimum of 80% in order to be considered for employment. As a check on the validity of the 80% cutoff score, the job sample questions were given to the four other job incumbents. All of these incumbents were considered to be satisfactory employees by the business owners, and all received a passing score of over 80%.In summary, small business owners need to be aware of the UG, the court cases which have resulted from the UG, the one practical approach to validating a selection procedure, and the advantages to having a validated selection procedure. By following the outline of Robinson (1981) or the case presented in this paper, the small business owner can both enjoy the benefits of a validated selection procedure and lessen any worry over an EEOC lawsuit. REFERENCES Bass, B. M. , & Barrett, G. V. (1981). People, work, and organizations.Boston: Allyn and Bacon, Inc. Birch, D. L. (1979). The job generation process. M. I. T. Program on Neighborhood and Regional Change. Cambridge, Massachusetts. Cascio, W. F. (1978). Applied psychology in personnel management. Reston, Virginia: Reston Publishing Company, Inc. Dreher, G. F. , & Sackett, P. R. (1981). Some problem with applying content validity evidence to assessment center procedures. Academy of Management Review, 6, p. 551-560. Fear, R. A. , & Ross, J. F. (1983). Jobs, Dollars, and EEO: How to Hire More Productive Entry- Level Workers.New York, McGraw-Hill. Harless v. Duck, 14 FEB 1616 (1977). Heneman , H. G. , Schwab, D. P. , Fossum, J. A. , & Dyer, L. D. (1986). Personnel/Human Resource Management. Homewood, Illinois: Irwin. King v. New Hampshire Department of Resources and Economic Development, 15, FEB 669 (1977) Kleiman, L. S. , & Faley, R. H. (1978). Assessing content validity: Standards set by the court. Personnel Psychology, 30, 701-713. Landy, F. J. , & Trumbo, D. A. (1980). Psychology of Work Behavior. The Dorsey Press, Homewood, Illinois.McCormick, E. J. , & Tiffin, B. L. (1974). Jobs and their requirements. Industrial Psychology, (6th ed. ). Miner, M. G. & Miner, J. B. (1980). Uniform Guidelines on employee selection Procedures. Washington, D. C. , The Bureau of National Affairs. Prehiring Tests. (1986, June). Small Business Report. Business Research and Communications, Monterey, California. Productivity: A Top Concern. (1986, February). Small Business Report, Business Research and Communications, Monterey, California. Robinson, D. D. (1981).Content-oriented personnel selection in a small business setting. Personnel Psychology, 34, pgs. 77-87. Schmidt, F. L. , Hunter, J. E. , McKenzie, R. C. , and Muldrow, T. W. (1979). Impact of valid selection procedures on work-force productivity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 64, 609-626. Schultz, D. P. (1978). Psychology and industry today. New York: Macmillan Pub lishing Company. Siropolis, N. C. (1986). Small Business Management. Houghton Mifflin Company, Geneva, Illinois. Small Businesses' Turnover High. (1986, January).Small Business Report, Business Research and Communications, Monterey, California. Stone, C. H. , & Ruch, F. L. (1974). Selection, interviewing, and testing. ASPA Handbook of Personnel and Industrial Relations: Staffing Policies and Strategies, ed. Dale Yoder and Herbert G. Heneman (Washington, D. C. , The Bureau of National Affairs), 4, 137-138. The State of Small Business: A Report of the President. (1985, May). United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. Uniform guidelines on employee selection procedures (1978). Federal Register, 43, 38290- 38309.